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Objective:To study the epidemic characteristics of human brucellosis in Shandan County, Zhangye City, Gansu Province, and provide reference basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures.Methods:The surveillance data of brucellosis were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and Shandan Center for Disease Control and Prevention to describe the three-compartment distribution (population, time, region distribution), and were analyzed by SPSS 19.0.Results:A total of 482 cases of brucellosis were reported with an average annual incidence of 48.99/100 000 from 2016 to 2021 in Shandan County, and farmers were the mainly occupation (84.85%, 409/482). The sex ratio of men and women was 3.16 ∶ 1.00 (366/116). The onset time was mainly concentrated in summer and autumn. Breeding cattle and sheep (feeding, cleaning pens, etc.) resulted in 107 cases of direct contact infection, accounting for 22.20% of the total cases (107/482). Incidence rate of different years was quite different (χ 2 = 121.09, P < 0.001). The average annual incidence rate of brucellosis in Laojun Township (95.72/100 000) was statistically different from that in other towns (χ 2 = 20.49, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The overall high prevalence of human brucellosis in Shandan County from 2016 to 2021. The animal husbandry department should strengthen the control of infectious sources, and the health department should increase publicity and education to curb the spread of the epidemic as soon as possible.
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Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal characteristics of human brucellosis in Henan Province.Methods:Data of human brucellosis in Henan Province from 2005 to 2021 were collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and a descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic profile of brucellosis in Henan Province and the three distribution characteristics. Global and local spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the spatial distribution and the hot spots of brucellosis in Henan Province, respectively, and spatiotemporal scanning was used to analyze the spatiotemporal clustering regions of brucellosis in Henan Province.Results:A total of 39 862 brucellosis cases were reported in Henan Province from 2005 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 2.44/100 000, and the number of cases showed an overall increasing trend each year (χ 2trend = 11 127.85, P = 0.001). The onset months were mainly concentrated from March to July, accounting for 59.00% (23 517/39 862), with May as the peak (5 478 cases). Cases of brucellosis were reported in 157 counties (cities, districts) of the province. The ratio of male to female was 2.52∶1.00 (28 542/11 320). Farmers were the main occupation, with 32 985 cases (82.75%). The age of onset was mainly 45 to 65 years old, with 20 226 cases (50.74%). The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the global Moran's I was > 0, Z > 1.96, and P < 0.05 in all years except 2006 - 2008, showing spatial clustering. Further local spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed, and high-high and low-low clustering areas existed in 2012 - 2021 ( P < 0.01). Spatiotemporal scanning analysis showed that there was one spatiotemporal cluster in the high incidence area and two spatiotemporal clusters in the low incidence area. The high incidence cluster was centered in Neixiang County, covering 48 counties (cities, districts) including Song County and Ruzhou City, and the aggregation time was from 2014 to 2021. The two low incidence clusters were centered in Yongcheng City and Boai County, covering 58 and 18 counties (cities, districts), respectively, and the aggregation time was 2016 - 2021 and 2005 - 2012, respectively. Conclusion:The overall incidence of brucellosis in Henan Province is on the rise from 2005 to 2021, with middle-aged and elderly male farmers as the main affected population, and there are spatiotemporal clusters of brucellosis in Henan Province.
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Objective:To analyze the epidemic dynamics and characteristics of human brucellosis in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, and to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control measures.Methods:Brucellosis epidemic data from "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" from 2013 to 2020 and the surveillance data of brucellosis prevention and control in Jinzhong City over the years were collected, and the epidemiological characteristics, serological and pathogenic monitoring results of brucellosis in Jinzhong City were analyzed.Results:A total of 5 235 cases of brucellosis were reported in Jinzhong City from 2013 to 2020, with an average annual incidence of 19.60/100 000. There was a statistically significant difference in the annual incidence of each year (χ 2 = 561.09, P < 0.001). Pingyao County had the largest number of reported cases (903 cases), and Yushe County had the highest incidence (59.78/100 000). The incidence was observed in every month of the past years, with significant seasonal onset, the peak of the incidence was from March to July, accounting for 60.50% (3 167/5 235). The majority of the patients were male, aged 20 - 60 years, and farmers, accounting for 81.07% (4 244/5 235), 85.06% (4 453/5 235) and 81.34% (4 258/5 235), respectively. Epidemiological investigation revealed 33 522 high-risk occupational groups. Serological examination was performed in 24 544 people, with a positive rate of 4.45% (1 091/24 544). In 263 pathogenic culture samples, 52 strains of Brucella were found, with a detection rate of 19.77%, all of them were sheep type 3. Conclusions:In recent years, the epidemic of brucellosis in Jinzhong City has shown a sporadic trend, with significant regional differences in the incidence. The occupational population is still the focus of prevention and control. It is suggested to carry out occupational population monitoring, do a good job in health education and behavioral intervention, timely learn about the epidemic dynamics, and effectively control the brucellosis epidemic.
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Objective:To learn about the epidemic dynamics and spatial epidemic characteristics of human brucellosis in Gansu Province.Methods:Data on human brucellosis in Gansu Province reported by China Disease Control and Prevention Information System from January 2016 to December 2020 were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiology and spatial clustering analysis.Results:A total of 10 025 cases of human brucellosis were reported in Gansu Province from 2016 to 2020, with a statistically significant difference in incidence rate between years (χ 2 = 242.86, P = 0.001). The incidence was the lowest in 2018 (6.03/100 000), and the highest in 2020 (11.39/100 000). The reported cases were concentrated in 45 - 55 years old, accounting for 34.52% (3 461/10 025); the male to female ratio was 2.91 ∶ 1.00 (7 458/2 567); farmers were the main occupation, accounting for 82.11% (8 232/10 025). Among the 86 counties (cities, districts) in Gansu Province, Yongchang County had the highest number of reported cases in 2020 (339 cases), and Sunan Yugur Autonomous County had the highest incidence in 2020 (190.89/100 000). Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there was significant spatial positive correlation between the incidence rate of human brucellosis in Gansu Province from 2016 to 2020 (global Moran's I > 0, Z > 1.96, P < 0.05), showing a spatial clustering distribution. The high-high clustering areas were concentrated in Yongchang County and Sunan Yugur Autonomous County. Conclusion:In Gansu Province, the main population of human brucellosis is middle-aged male farmers, and the incidence of brucellosis is spatially clustered.
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ObjectiveTo determine the epidemic characteristics of anthrax in Chengde City， Hebei Province from 2005 to 2021， and to provide evidence for formulating prevention and control measures of anthrax and reducing incidence rate. MethodsThis study collected the data of anthrax epidemic in Chengde City and conducted descriptive analysis. ResultsFrom 2005 to 2021， a total of 11 anthrax cases were reported in Chengde City with no death. The average incidence rate was 0.08/105， which remained low. Furthermore， 10 cases were cutaneous anthrax and 1 case was pulmonary anthrax. The cases were mainly reported in Weichang County， accounting for 90.91% of the total reported cases， followed by Pingquan City. In addition， the cases were mainly reported from July to August and mainly between 30 and 59 years old with a gender ratio of 2.67∶1. ConclusionThe anthrax epidemic in Chengde City is likely to increase. It mainly occurs in summer， rural areas， and male young and middle-aged farmers. It is necessary to improve epidemic monitoring， health education， disease prevention capacity， early identification of the epidemic， and active response.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and causes of post-exposure immunization failure of rabies in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2021, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of rabies in Hubei Province. Methods The investigation data of rabies cases in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2021 were collected, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used for data analysis. Results A total of 127 cases of rabies were reported in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 0.31/million, showing a downward trend. The male to female ratio was 1.70:1. Farmers accounted for 82.67% of the total cases, and the 50-79 years old group accounted for 75.59%. The incidence was mainly concentrated in Xiangyang, Shiyan, Yichang and Jingmen, accounting for 77.17%. Most of the cases were concentrated in summer and autumn. Exposure of grade Ⅱand Ⅲ accounted for 24.79% and 75.21%, respectively. Hands, lower limbs below knee, head, arms and lower limbs above knee accounted for 46.15%, 25.21%, 9.40%, 8.55% and 7.69% of the exposed parts, respectively. Dogs, cats and wild animals accounted for 95.73%, 3.42% and 0.85% of the exposed animals, respectively. Stray animals, domesticated animals, neighbors' animals and wild animals accounted for 41.88%, 37.61%, 19.66% and 0.85% of animal sources, respectively. Neither the neighbors’ animals nor domesticated animals were vaccinated against veterinary rabies virus. After exposure, 8.55% of patients went to medical institutions for standard treatment of wounds, 9.40% were vaccinated with human rabies vaccine, and 4.55% of patients with grade III exposure were injected with rabies virus immunoglobulin. The incubation period within 6 months, from 6 months to 1 year, and over 1 year accounted for 72.22%, 14.74%, and 12.04%, respectively. The exposure degree (Z=-1.98, P 2=10.91, P 2=15.73, P < 0.05) had statistically significant effects on the incubation period. Among the 11 cases of post-exposure immunization failure, all were grade Ⅲ exposure, 63.63% were exposed to the head and face, 81.81% were not fully vaccinated with human rabies virus vaccine, 63.63% were not immunized with immunoglobulin, and 27.27% were inappropriate wound treatment. Conclusion The key to rabies prevention and control is to standardize dog management, strengthen rabies education, standardize post-exposure wound treatment, timely vaccinate against rabies virus, and inject rabies virus immunoglobulin when necessary.
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Objective To analyze the characteristics of imported malaria epidemic from overseas in Wuhan, to explore the management mechanism of on-site cases, and to accumulate experience for the treatment of imported malaria in large cities after malaria elimination. Methods The epidemiological data on imported malaria from abroad during the period of malaria elimination (2010-2019) in Wuhan were collected. The gender, age and severe illness-related factors of the cases were analyzed. Based on the characteristics of the epidemic and the current situation of prevention and control, the content and experience of the “Municipal-District 24-7” case mechanism were discussed. Results The medical resources in Wuhan were the best in the central region, resulting in a large number of imported malaria cases, with a total of 474 cases reported from 2010 to 2019 (40.79% of the total number of cases in Hubei Province), including 359 cases of falciparum malaria, 36 severe cases and one death (the death rate was 0.28%). The patients were mainly young and middle-aged men aged 20 to 49 years old (97.26%). There were many referral cases (40.30%), and there was no seasonal clustering of cases reported. The undiagnosed proportion at the first visit was 44.85%, and the time of attack-diagnosis was 4 days or more in 61.00% of cases. The occurrence of severe cases was related to unconfirmed diagnosis at the first visit (χ2=35.46, P<0.001) and attack-diagnosis time (Z=-6.49, P<0.001). Conclusion Imported malaria occurs frequently in Wuhan, mainly falciparum malaria. However, “Municipal-District 24-7” case mechanism has effectively curbed the occurrence of severe and death cases and provided valuable experience for case management in similar cities in China.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly people in Wuhan during 2016-2020, and to provide a basis for formulating effective prevention and control strategies and measures. Methods Using the National Tuberculosis Information Management System, a descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the medical records of elderly (≥60 years old) pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered in Wuhan from 2016 to 2020. Results A total of 9 427 elderly pulmonary tuberculosis patients were registered in Wuhan during 2016-2020, accounting for 32.07% of the total number of registrations in the whole population. The reported incidence rate of tuberculosis in the elderly was significantly higher than that in the total population, and the reported incidence rates in both the elderly and the general population showed declining trends (whole population χ2trend=216.97, P2trend=153.57, P<0.05). The time distribution showed that more cases occurred from April to November (70.90%). The top three districts with the largest number of registered cases were far urban areas, namely Huangpi District (13.81%), Xinzhou District (11.55%), and Jiangxia District (9.82%). The ratio of male to female with pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly patients was 2.85:1. Among the elderly pulmonary tuberculosis, the most registered cases were in the age group of 60 ~ years old, followed by 65 ~ years old. The proportion of smear-positive in elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis retreatment was 16.83%. Conclusion From 2016 to 2020, the epidemic situation of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis showed a downward trend in Wuhan. However, the elderly population with tuberculosis registrations still accounted for a relatively high proportion of the total population. According to the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly, the city should carry out tuberculosis prevention and control work in a timely, appropriate and focused manner.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and influencing factors of influenza in Gaoming District of Foshan City from 2017 to 2021, and provide theoretical basis for influenza prevention in Gaoming District of Foshan City. Methods According to the influenza data in Gaoming District of Foshan City, descriptive analysis was made on the epidemiological characteristics. With the duration of influenza as the outcome variable and the time of taking measures, gathering place, influenza virus typing and influenza vaccination as independent variables, logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the duration of influenza. Results From 2017 to 2021, 5 782 influenza cases were reported in Gaoming District of Foshan City, with male (51.45%) higher than female (48.55%). The age of influenza onset was mainly 3-8 years old (50.47%). The incidence season was mainly concentrated in winter (69.82%). From 2017 to 2021, influenza cases in Gaoming District of Foshan were mainly in nursery care children (49.44%) and primary schools (29.78%). The influenza viruses that caused the outbreak were mainly A H1N1 (48.88%) and B Yamagata (23.11%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the time of action and vaccination status were protective factors for the duration of influenza epidemic. Conclusion In Gaoming District of Foshan, influenza is mainly concentrated in children aged 3 to 8 years old, especially in winter. Children in kindergartens and primary schools are the places of high incidence of influenza. It is necessary to advocate active vaccination of students and take rapid measures to reduce the duration of influenza outbreak.
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Objective:To analyze the epidemic characteristics of Cornona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wangkui County, Heilongjiang Province, and to provide a reference for optimizing epidemic prevention and control strategies.Methods:The epidemic characteristics of COVID-19 in Wangkui County, Heilongjiang Province in January 2021 were analyzed by applying the national infectious disease report system and information management system of Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the public health emergency report management information system, the epidemiological investigation report of the Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Suihua Municipal Certer for Disease Control and Prevention, and the epidemic information publicly released by the Health Commission of Heilongjiang Province.Results:From January 9 to February 5, 2021, 804 cases infected with Cornona virus were reported in Wangkui County, with an infection rate of 280.29/100 000. The epidemic affected 20 districts and counties in 6 cities, including Suihua, Harbin, Mudanjiang, Qiqihar, Yichun and Daqing. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.08 ∶ 1.00 (418 ∶ 386), the age ranged from 3 months to 93 years old, and the median age was 50 years old. The proportion of confirmed cases and asymptomatic infection was 1.23 ∶ 1.00 (444 ∶ 360), there were significant differences in gender, age and occupation between them ( P < 0.05). There were 314 places where the aggregation epidemic occurred, with family aggregation as the main way (300 households, 95.54%). The places with the highert average number of cases were banquets (25.75 cases/place) and grocery stores/chess and card rooms (16.00 cases/place). Conclusions:In January 2021, the epidemic of COVID-19 in Wangkui County is a typical outbreak in rural areas of North China. The main reasons for the rapid spread of the epidemic are a large number of gathering activities, frequent contact of personnel in confined spaces and other factors.
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Objective:To observe the epidemiological characteristics and transmission chain of COVID-19 in Harbin, and to provide epidemiological evidence for improving the COVID-19 preventive measures and optimizing prevention and control strategies.Methods:The epidemic situation of COVID-19 in Harbin in January 2021 was analyzed by using the Infectious Disease Report Information Management System and the Public Health Emergency Management Information System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, the epidemic situation information publicly released by the Heilongjiang Provincial Health Commission, and the epidemiological report of Heilongjiang Province Certer for Disease Control and Prevention and Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The main transmission chains were sorted out through combination of epidemiological field investigation, serological testing, gene sequencing, big data and other means.Results:From January 12 to February 4, 2021, 295 cases of COVID-19 infection (including confirmed cases and asymptomatic infections) were reported in Harbin, which affected 6 districts of Harbin and were concentrated in 41 of the 274 townships in the city. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.00∶1.12 (139∶156); the age ranged from 1 to 86 years old, and the median age was 45 years old. The proportion of confirmed cases and asymptomatic infection was 1.00 ∶ 1.02 (146 ∶ 149), and there was a significant difference in the distribution of different ages between them ( P = 0.042). The cases were mainly found through the health screening of the centralized isolation personnel (178 cases, 60.3%). Other detection methods included active screening (87 cases, 29.5%), screening of the home isolation personnel (26 cases, 8.8%), and medical treatment in medical institutions (4 cases, 1.4%). The main transmission chain of the outbreak was the case associated with a food processing enterprise, with a total of 259 cases, accounting for 87.8% of the total cases. The gene sequencing results showed that the case sequence was homologous with that of Wangkui County, Suihua City, Heilongjiang Province. Conclusions:A food processing enterprise is involved in the main transmission chain, which indicates that the epidemic prevention and control measures needs to be further optimized. Specifically, the supervision and management of food processing enterprises, cold chain storage companies and other enterprises should be strengthened. High attention should be paid to the hidden dangers of COVID-19 in large and medium sized enterprises with hermetic space in Harbin.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of influenza in children in Jinshan District of Shanghai，so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza in children. Methods We analyzed the surveillance data as well as the results of virus isolation and identification in children with influenza-like illness （ILI） in Jinshan District of Shanghai from January 2010 to December 2019. Results There were two annual epidemic peaks in 2010， 2016， 2017 and 2018， one annual epidemic peak in winter and spring in 2011 and 2013， and two annual epidemic peaks in 2012， 2014， 2015 and 2019. A total of 3 859 ILI cases were collected in the past 10 years， and 848 positive virus strains were isolated， with a positive rate of 21.97%. Among them， 371 were seasonal H3N2， 163 were new H1N1， 314 were type B（among them， 226 were yamagata and 88 were victoria）. The positive rates of influenza virus in different children groups were 0.88% in scattered children， 6.76% in kindergarten children， and 14.33% in students， respectively （P= 0.001）. Conclusion From January 2010 to December 2019， seasonal H3N2 was the predominant virus strain in children influenza epidemic in Jinshan District of Shanghai. The influenza epidemic shows a strong seasonal feature with double peaks in winter/spring， summer or autumn. The positive rate of influenza virus in middle school students is the highest in different age groups， followed by kindergarten children.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Haikou from 2016 to 2020, and to provide theoretical support for the implementation of TB prevention and control measures in this region . Methods Collect data of active tuberculosis patients registered and managed in Haikou for 2016-2020 years, analyze the registration rate of tuberculosis in Haikou in 5 years. Comparison of tuberculosis registration rates among different gender, age groups, nationalities and occupation. Results In 2016-2020 years, 3 256 cases of tuberculosis were registered in Haikou. The average annual TB registration rate was 27.09/100 000, showing a gradual decrease. The incidence rate was the highest in 2016 (34.99/100 000) and the lowest in 2020 (17.99/100 000). The registration rate of tuberculosis in men was significantly higher than that of women (P<0.05). Compared with the registration rate of tuberculosis in different age groups, the incidence rate of the 0-14 year old group was the lowest, and the registration rate of people aged 60 or above was the highest, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). From 2016 to 2020, the highest tuberculosis registration rate among different ethnic groups was Han nationality (92.63%), followed by Li nationality (3.53%), Miao nationality (2.09%), Hui nationality (1.14%) and others (0.61%).The three highest occupation rates of tuberculosis were farmers, unemployed workers and workers, 55.80%, 14.74% and 8.88% respectively. Conclusion The registration rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in Haikou has a downward trend overall, and prevention and control work needs to focus on the male and the elderly in order to better prevent and control the epidemic of tuberculosis in this area.
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@#Abstract: Objective The tuberculosis data of students registered and reported in Xuzhou from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed to provide a basis for Xuzhou to formulate tuberculosis prevention and control measures in schools. Method The epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis among students in Xuzhou from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed based on the data from Tuberculosis Information Management System and Xuzhou Statistical Yearbook 2021. Results From 2016 to 2020, a total of 574 student tuberculosis patients were registered in Xuzhou, with an annual average registration rate of 5.64/100 000. The reported incidence of tuberculosis among students in Xuzhou showed an increasing trend year by year (χ2trend=22.521, P<0.001). There were 365 males and 209 females, respectively, with a sex ratio of 1.75:1. The tuberculosis patients were mainly in the 15-19 years old group and 20-24 years old group. According to the statistical analysis by different levels of education, students from ordinary higher institutions accounted for 48.61% of the total number of confirmed cases, followed by senior high schools and secondary vocational schools, accounting for 20.91% and 14.46%, respectively. Preschool education had the lowest number of confirmed cases, accounting for 1.05%. There was significant difference in the reported incidence of tuberculosis among students at different educational levels (χ2=1 522.39, P<0.001). The highest incidence was reported in ordinary higher institutions, followed by senior high schools and secondary vocational schools, and the lowest incidence was reported in preschool education. Conclusion Xuzhou city school tuberculosis epidemic integral is on the rise, we should further strengthen tuberculosis control work of school tuberculosis prevention and control measures of implementation in the future, at the same time to strengthen school tuberculosis prevention knowledge propaganda and standardize the schools for disposal of tuberculosis epidemic situation. We should also further strengthen the newborn matriculation examination and students absent from class because of illness monitoring work.
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Plague natural foci in Gansu Province are large in area and widely distributed, and the epidemic status is different in each focus. Some plague natural foci have been resting for many years and are under stable control. In other plague natural foci, the epidemic of plague among animals is relatively active, and dozens of strains of Yersinia pestis can be isolated every year. The plague among animals spreads to the humans from time to time, and the cases of human plague are more severe, short in course of disease, and high in mortality. In recent years, with the sharp increase of migrant workers engaged in grazing and engineering construction in plague natural foci, opportunities to actively contact infected animals such as marmots, hares and sheepdogs have increased, resulting in an increase of human plague cases. In addition, the behaviors of illegal hunting, trafficking and sale of marmots cannot be stopped, resulting in human plague throughout the year. Therefore, the party committees and governments at all levels and the health administrative departments in Gansu Province have formulated the plague prevention and control measures suitable for this region according to the epidemic characteristics of plague among animals and humans. In this paper, the characteristics of plague epidemic situation at present and the prevention and control measures adopted in Gansu Province are discussed, in order to provide scientific basis and guidance for optimizing plague prevention and control measures in the future.
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Objective:To understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of melioidosis in Haikou City, to rise the people's awareness of melioidosis and to provide basis for prevention and control of the disease.Methods:The clinical data of 254 patients with melioidosis treated in 4 Class A tertiary hospitals in Haikou City from January 2000 to September 2020 were collected, and the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, infection site, prognosis and drug sensitivity were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among 254 patients with melioidosis, 226 males (88.98%) and 28 females (11.02%), and the gender ratio was 8.07 ∶ 1.00. Farmers were the main occupation, accounting for 37.80% (96/254). The median age was 53 years old, mainly in 41 - 80 years old, accounting for 83.46% (212/254). Han nationality was the most, accounting for 89.76% (228/254). The onset season was mainly in summer and autumn, and the peak was from August to October (117 cases). Patients were mainly distributed in coastal areas, among which Haikou City (49 cases) was the most, followed by Dongfang City (46 cases), Danzhou City (23 cases) and Wenchang City (21 cases). Totally 196 cases (77.17%) had basic diseases, diabetes was the most common (162 cases). The main symptoms of admission were fever (211 cases), followed by cough (108 cases) and expectoration (88 cases). The infection sites were mainly blood (104 cases, 40.94%), lung (60 cases, 23.62%), liver and spleen (32 cases, 12.60%). Totally 195 patients were treated with sensitive antibiotics, at discharge, 37 cases (18.97%) were cured, 129 cases (66.15%) improved, 18 cases (9.23%) did not heal, 7 cases (3.59%) died and 4 cases (2.05%) were discharged voluntarily. Results of drug sensitivity tests from 2010 to 2020 showed that the sensitivity rates of Burkholderia pseudomallei to imipenem (142 cases), meropenem (16 cases) and ceftazidime (141 cases) were all 100.00%, and the sensitivity rates of doxycycline (25 cases) and compound sulfamethoxazole (142 cases) were 92.00% (23/25) and 99.30% (141/142), respectively. Conclusions:Males, farmers, middle-aged and elderly people and people with diabetes and other basic diseases are the high incidence population of melioidosis in Haikou City. The incidence peak is in summer and autumn. The common clinical manifestations are fever, pulmonary infection, abscess of liver and spleen, etc. In the treatment, Burkholderia pseudomallei is more sensitive to imipenem, meropenem and ceftazidime.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of imported dengue fever in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2008 to 2020，and to explore its prevention and control strategy and measures． Methods The data of dengue fever cases in Pudong New Area from 2008 to 2020 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic characteristics. Results A total of 45 cases of dengue fever were reported in Pudong during 2008-2020, all the cases were mild, and no deaths were reported．The male-to-female ratio was 2.46:1. The group aged 20-49 years accounted for 86.67%．The most common occupation was commercial service personnel and cadres (25 cases, accounting for 55.56%). The peak of incidence was from July to October with a total of 35 cases (77.78%). All the cases were imported from abroad, mainly from Southeast Asia and South Asia (43 cases, 95.56%). 15 cases (33.33%) had been ill before entry. 22 cases (48.89%) were first treated in tertiary hospitals. The median time intervals from onset to first clinic visit, from first clinic visit to diagnosis, and from onset to diagnosis were 1.0 d, 5.0 d, and 7.0 d, respectively. Serotypes of dengue virus were mainly Type I, Type III and Type II, which were 9 cases, 7 cases, and 6 cases, respectively. Conclusion The epidemic situation of dengue fever in Pudong New Area from 2008 to 2020 is relatively stable, all imported from abroad. The focus of the prevention and control is to promote the health education for overseas travelers, strengthen the monitoring sensitivity at border ports, enhance the diagnostic level of medical institutions, and timely find and report cases.
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Objective To determine the epidemiological characteristics and causes of an influenza outbreak in a primary school in Hebei District， Tianjin， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. Methods According to the Guidelines for the Management of Influenza Like Outbreaks （2012 Edition） ， and the throat swabs of patients with influenza were collected for influenza virus detection. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data in the outbreak. Results A total of 94 cases were identified in this influenza outbreak， with an overall incidence rate of 18.40%. A total of 12 classes were involved. The cases were distributed in Grade 1 （classes 1-9） and Grade 3 （classes 7， 8 and 10）. The highest morbidity rate was 47.50% （19/40） in Class 2 Grade 1， followed by 30.95% （13/42） in Class 1 Grade 1， and the lowest was 2.86% （1/35） in Class 8 Grade 3 and Class 10 Grade 3. The throat swab samples were collected in 11 students， of which 6 tested positive for influenza B virus. Conclusion Students with influenza were younger， had not been vaccinated against influenza， and attended classes with illness， which led to the further spread of the epidemic. The outbreak has been finally controlled through strengthening morning and afternoon inspection， tracking non-attendant students due to illness， strictly isolating the source of infection， opening windows for ventilation， and conducting preventive disinfection.
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Objective To determine the epidemiological characteristics and causes of an influenza outbreak in a primary school in Hebei District， Tianjin， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. Methods According to the Guidelines for the Management of Influenza Like Outbreaks （2012 Edition） ， and the throat swabs of patients with influenza were collected for influenza virus detection. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data in the outbreak. Results A total of 94 cases were identified in this influenza outbreak， with an overall incidence rate of 18.40%. A total of 12 classes were involved. The cases were distributed in Grade 1 （classes 1-9） and Grade 3 （classes 7， 8 and 10）. The highest morbidity rate was 47.50% （19/40） in Class 2 Grade 1， followed by 30.95% （13/42） in Class 1 Grade 1， and the lowest was 2.86% （1/35） in Class 8 Grade 3 and Class 10 Grade 3. The throat swab samples were collected in 11 students， of which 6 tested positive for influenza B virus. Conclusion Students with influenza were younger， had not been vaccinated against influenza， and attended classes with illness， which led to the further spread of the epidemic. The outbreak has been finally controlled through strengthening morning and afternoon inspection， tracking non-attendant students due to illness， strictly isolating the source of infection， opening windows for ventilation， and conducting preventive disinfection.
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Objective To investigate the etiology and epidemic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children in Suzhou, and to provide a basis for accurate prevention and control. Methods Active surveillance of infectious diarrhea pathogens was carried out in a national sentinel surveillance hospital in Suzhou from 2018 to 2020. Epidemiological investigation was completed and stool samples were collected. All samples were detected and classified for 5 viruses and 6 types of bacteria. Results A total of 999 cases of infectious diarrhea were included, the detection rate of pathogen was 36.34%, virus was 31.41%, bacteria was 6.31%, and multi-pathogen mixed infection was 4.8%. The top three pathogens were rotavirus (17.92%), norovirus (12.51%) and Salmonella (3.4%). Both rotavirus diarrhea and norovirus diarrhea occurred most frequently in children aged 7-24 months, with peak incidence in winter and early spring. There was no obvious seasonal and age distribution of bacterial diarrhea. The multi-pathogen mixed infection was mainly virus-virus. G9[P]8 was the dominant genotype of rotavirus, while type 2 was the dominant type of norovirus in the cases of infectious diarrhea. Conclusion Infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Suzhou area from 2018 to 2020 is mainly caused by viruses, among which rotavirus and norovirus are the dominant pathogens. Viral diarrhea has obvious population distribution and seasonal characteristics. The dominant pathogens of bacterial diarrhea are Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.